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Periodontal treatment is needed when conditions affect the health of your gums and the jawbone that supports your teeth. Maintaining healthy gums is essential to keeping your natural teeth in place. Healthy gums also enhance the appearance of your smile, much like a frame complements a painting. When gums become unhealthy, they may recede, become swollen, or turn red. In advanced stages, the supporting bone can be lost, causing teeth to shift, loosen, or even fall out. These changes impact both function and aesthetics, affecting chewing, speaking, and the overall look of your smile.
Periodontal disease is a chronic infection of the gums that gradually destroys the structures supporting your teeth. It can affect one or more of the periodontal tissues, including the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, cementum, or gingiva. While several conditions can impact the tooth-supporting structures, most periodontal problems stem from plaque-induced inflammation. These are generally categorized as gingivitis or periodontitis. Gingivitis, the milder form, does not always progress to periodontitis but is always a precursor to it.
Gingivitis is primarily caused by dental plaque, especially in individuals who are genetically susceptible. Plaque is a sticky, colorless film made up of food particles and bacteria that clings to your teeth at and below the gum line. It forms continuously, even minutes after brushing.
The bacteria in plaque produce toxins that irritate the gums, causing them to become red, swollen, inflamed, and prone to bleeding. Prolonged irritation can lead to the gums separating from the teeth, forming pockets. Without proper daily brushing and flossing, plaque can harden into a rough, porous substance called calculus (or tartar), which can form both above and below the gum line.
If gingivitis is left untreated, it can progress to periodontitis. In this stage, the supporting gum tissue and bone that hold your teeth deteriorate. This bone loss, particularly in the alveolar bone, can result in loose teeth and eventual tooth loss. Periodontitis develops from bacteria on the tooth surface combined with an overly aggressive immune response to these bacteria.
Periodontal disease is particularly dangerous because it often progresses without pain or noticeable symptoms. By age 45, approximately 80% of Americans will experience some form of periodontal disease, and 4 out of 5 affected individuals may not even realize they have it. Maintaining good home oral care and visiting your dentist regularly are essential to reduce the risk of developing this disease.
Dr. Rothstein provides a range of treatment options tailored to the severity of your periodontal (gum) disease. Learn which approach is best for you by understanding how to prevent gum disease and recognizing the signs that indicate it’s time to see a periodontist.
